perception of emotional valence in horse whinnies 2017 elodie f. briefer参考.pdf

该【perception of emotional valence in horse whinnies 2017 elodie f. briefer参考 】是由【小舍儿】上传分享，文档一共【12】页，该文档可以免费在线阅读，需要了解更多关于【perception of emotional valence in horse whinnies 2017 elodie f. briefer参考 】的内容，可以使用淘豆网的站内搜索功能，选择自己适合的文档，以下文字是截取该文章内的部分文字，如需要获得完整电子版，请下载此文档到您的设备，方便您编辑和打印。:..(2017)14:-017-0193-*,RoiMandel1,2?,Anne-LaureMaigrot1,3?,SabrinaBrieferFreymond4,IrisBachmann4andEdnaHillmann1AbstractBackground:Non-humananimalsoftenproducedifferenttypesofvocalisationsinnegativeandpositivecontexts(),similartohumans,,sometypesofvocalisations(,humanspeech)canbeproducedinbothnegativeandpositivecontexts,,itisnotknownifconspecificsdiscriminatethem,,andareaffectedby,(socialseparation)andpositive(socialreunion):(respirationrate,headmovements,heightoftheheadandlatencytorespond)toseparationandreunionwhinnieswhenproducedbyfamiliar,(shorterinter-otion),,:Horsesarethusabletoperceivechangeslinkedtoemotionalvalencewithinagivenvocalisationtype,,:Emotionalcontagion,Equuscaballus,Emotionexpression,Familiarity,Playbacks,VocalisationsBackgroundvalence)motivationalsystemsdescribedinhumansandEmotionsareintense,short-livedaffectivereactionstootherspecies[2].(dimensionalapproach):(pheromonespresentinconspecifics’urine[3,4]),visualvalence(negative/unpleasantorpositive/pleasant)andsignals(facialexpressions[5]),acousticsignals[6,7]oraarousal(bodilyactivationorexcitation;[8,9].Perceptionofemotionexcited)[1].Emotionalarousalcanbeconsideredastheexpressioncanpotentiallyinducethesameemotioninintensityofbipolarvalence,prisesthedefen-(negativevalence)andtheappetitive(positivephenomenonistermed“statematching”or“emotionalcontagion”,andisthebasisofempathy[10,11].Forex-ample,asignalindicatingahigh-arousalstatecouldin-*Correspondence:elodie.******@(?Equalcontributorsofemotionalarousal).Ifthissignalispositive,itcould1InstituteofAgriculturalSciences,ETHZürich,Universit?tstrasse2,8092Zürich,SwitzerlandalsotriggerachangeinemotionalvalencefromnegativeFulllistofauthorinformationisavailableattheendofthearticleorneutraltopositive(andvice-versafornegative?TheAuthor(s).(/licenses/by//),whichpermitsunrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedyougiveappropriatecredittotheoriginalauthor(s)andthesource,providealinktomonslicense,(/publicdomain/zero//)appliestothedatamadeavailableinthisarticle,unlessotherwisestated.:..(2017)14:8Page2of12signals)inreceivers().municatedifferentemo-Unlikehigher,cognitiveformsofempathy(-),thetransmissionofemotionsfromonegradedvariantscould,asaresult,beassociatedwithdif-individualtoanotheriswidespreadintheanimalking-ferentfunctions(),inthedom[12].Itisenhancedbysocialcloseness,familiaritysamewayasdifferentcalltypes,andmightbeasimport-andsimilaritybetweenpartners[10,13],improvesinfor-antascall-typedifferentiationformodulatingsocialin-mationtransferthroughstatesharingbetweenindivid-teractions[7,33,34].uals,andresultsinhighercoordinationamonggroupWeinvestigatedifdomestichorsescanperceiveindi-membersandstrongerinter-individualbonds[10,14].catorsofemotionalvalenceinwhinniesoffamiliarandmunicationnon-familiarconspecifics,independentlyofthecontextsystem(,ofreception(,andcanbeperceivedinlowvisibilitywhinnies),[15]),theyconstitutearapidmeansoftrans-Asahighlysocialspecies[35],horsesshouldbenefitmittinginformationtoconspecificsandare,asaresult,afromacousticperceptionofemotions,inordertoregu-prominentchannelforemotionalcontagion[16].latesocialinteractionswithinharems(stallion,femalesVariationinthestructureofvocalisationsassociatedandfoals)orbachelorbands(youngoroldstallionswithemotionalvalenceandarousal()[35].Eightcalltypeshavebeende-ofemotions)havebeenobservedacrossspecies[17].scribedinthisspecies:whinnies,nickers,squeals,blows,Whilebothchangesincalltypes(,,snorts,roars,andgroans[36,37].Whinniespro-pig,Susscrofa,gruntstosqueals[18])andmodificationvideinformationaboutsex,bodysizeandindividualityintheacousticstructureofagivencalltype([38],ess[39]andemotions(valenceandcalls,,Suricatasuricatta,alarmcalls[19])arousal[24]),whilesquealsprovideinformationabouthavebeenobservedwithvariationintheemotionaldominancestatus[40].Conspecificreceiverscandecipherarousalexperiencedbytheproducer,contextsofoppos-familiarity[38,41]andstallionfertility[39]encodedinitevalenceareusuallyassociatedwithdifferentcalltypeswhinnies,aswellasdominancestatusencodedinsqueals([17,20],Equuscaballus,whin-[40].Furthermore,horsesarecapableofcross-modalindi-niestosqueals,fromdog,Canislupusfamiliaris,barktovidualrecognitionofconspecifics,matchingwhinniestogrowl,orfromhumanlaughtertocrying).However,visual/olfactorycharacteristicsofthecaller[42].moncalltypeproducedbybothnegativeandpositivesituations()horsesandcanbeemittedinbothnegativeandpositiveur(,LoxodontaAfri-contexts(,cana,rumbles[21];bonobos,Panpaniscus,peeps[22];anticipationofbothunpleasantandpleasantevents,dis-goat,Caprahircus,bleats[23];horsewhinnies[24]).turbances,frustrationandcuriosity[36]).Ourpreviousallstudyrevealedthatthesecallsareconstitutedbytwotypesasafunctionoftheemotionalarousalofthepro-fundamentalfrequencies(“F0”and“G0”,suggestingducerhasbeenmainlystudiedinnon-humananimalsinbiphonation),(nega-respondmoretoalarmcallsthathavebeenartificiallytivesituations)arelongerandhaveahigherG0fre-modifiedtomimichigherurgencylevels(-quencythanthoseproducedduringsocialreunionwithetersindicatingurgencyhavebeenincreased[25–28]).oneorallgroupmembers(positivesituations)[24].TheabilitytoperceiveindicatorsofarousalinotherSeparationandreunionwhinniesthusconstituteacous-typesofcallshasalsobeenshown(.[29–31]).Add--itionally,clearevidenceforvocalcontagionofemotionaltiveandpositivesituationswerealsocharacterisedbyarousal(-differentbehaviouralresponsesintheproducer;horsesducerandthereceiver)existsinzebrafinches(Taeniopy-displayedlesschewingmotion(movingthelowerjawupgiaguttata);femalesshowraisedcorticosteronelevelsanddownwithoutfood[43]),andspentmoretimewithparedtothepositivegivenorallyadministeredexogenouscorticosterone,situation[24].Here,wetestedifinformationaboutemo-comparedtowhenhearingregulardistancecalls[32].tionalvalenceinwhinniescanbedecipheredbybothHowever,toourknowledge,itisnotknownifreceiversfamiliarandunfamiliarconspecificsusingplaybackex--typeofvocalisationasafunctionoftheemotionalentphysiologicalandbehaviouralresponsestonegativevalenceoftheproducer,andifemotionalcontagionoc-andpositivewhinnies,thereforevalidatingemotionper-,we:..(2017)14:8Page3of12expectedhorsestodisplaymorebehaviouralindicatorsplaybacks(Table1).Wethenincludedalltheseparame-ofnegativeemotions(headhigh)ponentanalysistoeliminateredun-negativewhinnies,(chewingmotion)duringplaybacksofofthewhinniesplayedback,andoftheinteractionbe-positivewhinnies(,onthescoresoftheresultingandreceiver[12]).Wealsoexpectedtheacousticfea-ponents(PC)witheigenvaluegreaterthan1turesofwhinniestoaffecttheresponsesofreceiversinausinglinear-mixedeffectsmodels(LMMs).Asresponsesgradedway,withthetimespentchewingdecreasingandtotheplaybacksarelikelytobeaffectedbythesexofthethetimespentwiththeheadhighincreasingwithanin-producerinrespecttothesexofthesubject,wealsoin-creaseinthedurationandG0ofthecallsplayedback,cludedafactorindicatingwhetherthewhinniesplayedaspredictedwithachangefromnegativetopositivebackwereproducedbyahorseofthesamesexasthesub-(speech),-humananimalsisaFamiliarityinfluencedPC1scores(PC1:%ofthepromisingwaytounderstandtheevolutionofemotionalvariance,Table2;LMM:N=18horses,P=;contagionandempathy[10].R2=%,R2=%);horseshadGLMM(m)GLMM(c)shorterinter-pulse-intervals(RR;),Resultsmovedmore(otion),movedtheirheadmoreWetested18horsesofvariousbreeds(Additionalfile1)(HeadMov),hadtheirheadhighforalongerdurationhousedinfivedifferentfarmswithfourplaybacktreat-(HeadHigh),vocalisedmore(VocRate)andrespondedmentseach:1)separation(negative)whinniesfromafa-faster(LatenceRes;,2)reunion(positive)whinniesfromtheonsetoftheplayback)whenhearingunfamiliarwhinniessamefamiliarhorse,3)separation(negative)whinnies(modelestimatesforPC1score:mean[95%confidencefromanunfamiliarhorse,and4)unfamiliarreunioninterval]=-[-,])comparedtofamiliar(positive)(-[-,]).Inaddition,-(PC2:%ofthevariance,Table2;LMM:N=18mentsovertwoconsecutivedays(twoplaybacksperhorses,P=;R2=%,R2=%).GLMM(m)GLMM(c)day).TheorderofthetreatmentswascounterbalancedPost-parisonsshowedthatPC2scoreswithinhorsesforvalenceandbetweenhorsesforfamil-(Tukeypost-hoctest:housedinthesamefarmasthesubjects,whileunfamil-Z=,P=,N=18horses;R2=%,GLMM(m)iarwhinnieswererecordedfromhorseshousedinotherR2=%),butnotwhentheywereunfamiliarGLMM(c)(Tukeypost-hoctest:Z=-,P=,N=18horses,duringseparationfromeitheroneoralltheotherhorsesR2=%,R2=%);horseshadlowerGLMM(m)GLMM(c)fromtheirfarm(“groupmembers”).Reunionwhinniesrespirationrates(RespRate),movedtheirheadmorewereproducedwhenthesehorseswerereunitedwith(HeadMov),hadtheirheadhighforalongerdurationoneorallgroupmembers,followingtheseparation(HeadHigh)andrespondedfaster(LatenceRes)(Table2;).Theeffectsofvalence,famil-(),whiletheirmotivationto