【英文原著类】The Categories(范畴).pdf

The Categories
The Categories
By Aristotle
Translated by E. M. Edghill
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The Categories
Section 1
Part 1
Things are said to be named 'equivocally' when, though they have a
common name, the definition corresponding with the name differs for
each. Thus, a real man and a figure in a picture can both lay claim to the
name 'animal'; yet these are equivocally so named, for, though they have a
common name, the definition corresponding with the name differs for
each. For should any one define in what sense each is an animal, his
definition in the one case will be appropriate to that case only.
On the other hand, things are said to be named 'univocally' which have
both the name and the definition answering to the name mon. A
man and an ox are both 'animal', and these are univocally so named,
inasmuch as not only the name, but also the definition, is the same in both
cases: for if a man should state in what sense each is an animal, the
statement in the one case would be identical with that in the other.
Things are said to be named 'derivatively', which derive their name
from some other name, but differ from it in termination. Thus the
grammarian derives his name from the word 'grammar', and the
courageous man from the word 'courage'.
Part 2
Forms of speech are either simple posite. Examples of the latter
are such expressions as 'the man runs', 'the man wins'; of the former 'man',
'ox', 'runs', 'wins'.
Of things themselves some are predicable of a subject, and are never
present in a subject. Thus 'man' is predicable of the individual man, and is
never present in a subject.
By being 'present in a subject' I do not mean present as parts are
present in a whole, but being incapable of existence apart from the said
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The Categories
subject.
Some things, again, are present in a subject, but are never predicable
of a subject. For instance, a certain point of grammatical knowledge is
present in the mind, but is not predicable of any