研究生英语高级写作五省公开课一等奖全国示范课微课金奖PPT课件.pptx

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正确句 (Correct Sentence)
1) 正确句是一个语法概念，即要求一个句子语法正确。
2) 正确性也包含语音和词汇正确，如口语中音发错了，书面语中词语错了(包含拼法)，就不算正确句子。
有效句 (Effective Sentence)
1) 有效句指一个句子能有效地到达交际目标。显然．有效句必须是正确句。语法上不正确句子，或者是有发音错误，有时也能够交际，即对方能够理会意思，但有效性很不可靠，往往会造成误解，，造成文际障碍。
2) 要实现句子有效性，当然还包括是否适合语境和对象等问题。我们这里仅从修辞角度讨论句子本身结构上应具备基本要求。句子一致，句子连贯和句子强调。
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句子一致 (Sentence Unity)
句子一致含义
1) 一致性是指句子所表示思想是一个完整统一体。
比如：
Jane sat down, picked up her pen and started to
write her composition:
“I got up early, Mom told me that there was always
traffic jam and our car was a little bit too old and we
need buy new one.”
例句中Jane作文开头两句话就不够一致：第一句意思欠完整，需补上动作发生时间，第二句所表示思想不统一，因为没有讲明两个分句之间联络，也同第一句割裂，故它们没有形成一个完整统一体。
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2) 一致性是对句子结构首要要求，全句使用词语都要紧密地围绕一个中心思想，凡未到达这项要求句子都应改写。比如对上面例子中那个学生作文可作必要增删：
I got up early Monday morning. Mom told me that
there was always heavy traffic, and as our car was a
bit old and couldn’t run fast, we’d better start earlier.
对缺乏一致性句于两种处理方法:
1) 为了取得句子一致性，对句中与中心思想无关内容应加删简。比如：
Parking space on the compass which is one of the most beautiful in the state, has become completely made inadequate, and recently the city council voted to increase but fates again.
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此句中心内容是讲停车场已经非常担心，市府决定再次提升公共汽车费，势必使更多人用私人汽车，从而加剧停车场担心局面。因为which引导分句同本句中心内容无关，故应删去。
上例中两个分句由逗号and 连接，形式上是一
个完整句子，但实际上两个分句之间并未形成有机
连接，中心思想未得到明确表述，为此应该改写.
一个方法是把并列分句改为主从分句：
2) 对于结构过于涣散，未能明白地表示中心思想句子应加以改写。比如：
I worry about whether I will get a job, and I am
convinced that new opportunities will open up
before the end of spring.
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I worry about whether I will get a job, though  I’m convinced that new opportunities will open  up before the end of spring.
也能够再增加一个分句，从而使全句中心思想
明白地表现出来:
I worry about whether I will get a job. Although
I am convinced that new opportunities will open
up before the end of spring, I still can’t help
being anxious about my prospects.
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句子连贯 (Sentence Coherence)
句子连贯含义
1) 句子连贯指句中成份之间含有合乎逻辑有机联
系，全句所表述思绪清楚， 使交际对方轻易得到要
领。比如：
It goes without saying that one cannot work
logically with a statement which does not have a
clear-cut, ascertainable meaning．
这是一个以 “it” 作形式主语句子，后面 “that”分句为实
际主语，在该分句中又以“not…not” 结构为主干，既紧
凑，又清楚，确是一个有机整体。
2) 上节讲到句子“一致”是指句中成份都要围绕和服务于全句中心思想表示，即与中心思想形成有机联络；这里讲到“连贯”则是指句中成份之间
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要形成有机横向联络。“一致”和“一贯”。二者之间现有区分，又亲密相关。比如：
All the players jumped from the bench and the
referee made an unfair announcement of the results.
这是一个并列句，其两个分句之间表面上虽有and 连接，但
并未能表示出两个分句之间逻辑联络，即未到达连贯要求，因
而也未能实现句子一致，结果整句思想表示得不清楚。为此
应照下述方法加以改写：
The referee made an unfair announcement of the results and (so) all the players jumped from the bench．
As／When the referee made an unfair announcement of the results，all the players jumped from the bench．
All the players jumped from the bench because the
referee made an unfair announcement of the results.
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影响句子连贯若干原因1) 从语法方面看，经常会影响到句子连贯原因有并列结构安排失当，代词所指对象不明确，垂悬修饰或修饰语错位，时态、人称、数或语气不一致，句子结构混乱或不完全，等等．比如：
The report is chiefly about inflationary trends in
the last decade and that the consumer has lost
confidence in the quality of many products．
介词 about 并列宾语一为短语，一为分句，属于并列结
构安排失当，应该将that分句改为短语：
The report is chiefly about inflationary trends in
the last decade and that consumer has lost
confidence in the quality of many products.
He rode that snowy night and slipped into a ditch,
but it was not serious．
例中代词 it 所指不明确，故句子应加改写：
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．．．, but luckily enough, he didn’t get hurt.
又如: Every member of our research team worked
conscientiously, thus producing one of the best
projects Professor Ames has ever received.
例句中—ing 分词短语修饰对象不明确，全句含义未能
得到确切表示，故宜改为：
Because／As every member of our research team
worked conscientiously, we produced one of the
best projects Professor Ames has ever received.
又如:
Look at that ridiculous lady’s hat!
修饰语位置不妥会引发歧义或显得滑稽可笑，有时会造成
误解。上例中修饰语位置不妥，应改为:
Look at that lady’s ridiculous hat!
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又如: When we began our composition course, there was little knowledge about the importance of strategy in the writing of a paper. Correctness in spelling, punctuation, and grammatical usage was what had been drilled into
us; but the effects of interrelationships among speaker, audience, and occasion were foreign to us…
上例两个较长句子讲是作者，但因为用了4个不一样
主语, 影响了句子连贯和一致，故应改为：
At the beginning of our composition course, we knew little about the importance of strategy in the writing of a paper. We knew the necessity for correctness in spelling, punctuation and grammatical usage but were unaware of the effects of inter-relationships among speaker, audience, and occasion….
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