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篇1:考研英语语法详解:情态动词
考研英语语法详解:情态动词
一、情态动词的定义
情态动词本身没有动词意义,属于辅助动词,与实义动词和系动词搭配,共同构成谓语动词。情态动词的作用主要是用来表达意见、看法、态度和礼貌。情态动词主要有两种基本意义:非推测性意义和推测性意义。
非推测性意义是指“允许、义务、意义”等意义,这些意义含有人从某种价值角度对事件内在支配 的因素。推测性意义是指“可能、必须、预测”等意义,这些意义主要不含有人对事件支配的因素,但是却特别包含对事件可能或不可能发生做出的判断。情态动词 都有“推测”和“非推测”两种意义,如may就有“允许”(非推测)和“可能”(推测)两种含义;will也有“意义”(非推测)和“预测”(推测)两种 含义。Can/could, may/might表示“允许(permission)”(非推测)和“可能(possibility)、能力(ability)”(推测性)两种含义。 Must/don‘t have to ,need (非推测),should/ought to 表示“义务(obligation)”(非推测性)和“必然(necessity)”(推测性)两种含义。will/would,shall(shall 很少见,一般不用)表示“意志(volition)”(非推测性)和“预测(prediction,future)”(推测性)两种含义。
二、情态动词的种类
表情求 表推测 表义务 表意图 表意愿 表意志 can/could √ √ may/might √ √ √ shall/should √ √ √ √ √ √ will/would √ √ must √ √ √ ought to √ √
三、注意事项
情态动词的用法不同于常规谓语动词、系动词和助动词。情态动词具有独立的使用原则和规律。
,might,should,would有时(如在间接引语中)被看作是can,may,shall,will 的过去时外,。
-s.
(‘ll)和could(’d)之外,都没有肯定的缩略形式。
、现在分词、过去分词和动名词形式。情态动词后只能接动词原形。
,结构为“情态动词+动词原形”。
,一次只能使用一个,不会出现两个或两个以上情态动词的叠加。
to 外,都只能接无to的不定式,或have+V-ed.
,每个情态动词都有自己的基本意义。
,都可以用来表示说话者对某种可能性的推测(从“不很肯定”到“几乎可以肯定”)。
篇2:英语语法详解 情态动词二
英语语法详解 情态动词(二)
内 容 提 要 情态动词有can(能),may(可以),must(必须),have to(不得不),ought to(应该),dare(敢),used to(过去经常),had better(最好),would rather(宁愿)。在肯定句中它们后边都要接 动词原形 。在否定句中,can,may,must和dare后边加not;have to和ought to分别在have和ought后加not;used to的否定式可用used not to,也可用didn't use to,但后者用得较多;had better和would rather的否定式分别是had better not和would rather not。这些情态动词与现在完成时连用在某种意义上有一定的虚拟性。
情态动词与完成时的使用
一、must+have+?ED分词:用于肯定句,表示对过去情况的一种肯定推测,表示“肯定,一定”
1) It around nine o'clock when I drove back home because it was already dark.
[A] had to be [B] must have been [C] was to be [D] must be
2) John's score on the test is the highest in the class;
[A] he should study last night
[B] he should have studied last night
[C] he must have studied last night
[D] he must had to study last night
3) After searching [A] for evidence in the house,the police concluded [B] that the thief must have come in [C] through the window and stole [D] the silver while the family was asleep.
二、may (might)+have+?ED分词:用于肯定句和否定句,表示对已发生事情的不肯定的推测,相当于“可能,大概,”其中might较may 语气更弱,把握更小
She might have gone to see her doctor last week, but I am not sure.
上星期或许她去看医生了,但我不敢肯定。
Don't worry, your husband may not have been hurt seriously.
别急,你丈夫也许伤得不厉害。
三、should(ought to)+have+?ED分词:肯定句表示过去本应发生的事却没有发生;否定句表示已发生了本不该发生的事。前者可译为“本应,”后者为“本不该”
You should have apologized to her for not soon replying to the letter. 你本应向她道歉,说明为什么没能及时回信。(可你没这么做)
4) You yesterday if you were really serious about your work.
[A] ought to come[B] ought to be coming[C] ought to have come[D] ought have come
四、can(not) +have+?ED分词
He is an hour late -- He can have been delayed by fog. Of course,that's a ,可能因为大雾而耽搁了。当然这只是可能性问题。
The poem can not have been written by her since she was only five years old ,因为她那时才5岁。
五、“could+have+?ED分词”有时用于表示过去的时间,说明某事可能或不可能已发生;有时可表示过去本来可以做某事,但却未做
I simply can't understand how he could have made such a mistake. 我简直不明白他怎么会犯那样的错误。
He walked there,but he could have taken a taxi. 他走着去了,可当时完全可以坐出租。
“couldn't+have+?ED分词”还表示无论如何也不可能或没有做到
I couldn't have called you. I wasn't near a telephone. 反正我也不可能给你打电话,我附近没有电话。
5) “We didn't see him at the lecture yesterday.”“He it.”
[A] mustn't attended[B] couldn't have attended[C] would have not attended[D] needn't have attended
六、needn't+have+?ED分词:表示对过去不必做的事情却做了,可译为“其实不必”
6) You all these parcels shop would have delivered them if you had asked a shop assistant.
[A] didn't need to carry[B] needn't have carried[C] needn't carry[D] didn't need carry
七、used to 表示过去的`习惯动作或状态,现在已不存在,在否定陈述句中,一般用didn't use to,也可用used not to;在疑问句中用“Did…use to”。used to还可never,often,always等连用。注意used to与be used to的不同,后者表示be accustomed to “习惯于某种状态”,而且跟接名词或?ING形式,而used to后接动词原形,试比较
He used to drink. 表示“他过去经常喝酒”而现在不喝了。
He is used to wine (He is used to drinking wine) at each meal.
表示“他现在已养成习惯,每顿饭喝点葡萄酒。”
八、had better表示“最好……”,后接动词原形,其否定式为had better not+动词原形
You had better not follow his behavior. 你最好不要学他。
九、would rather 意思是“宁愿”,表示选择。它有两种用法,一是在肯定句中后边直接跟动词原形,其否定句是在would rather 后加not,即 would rather not+动词原形;二是它后边可以跟接从句,该从句的谓语动词用一般过去式表示虚拟语气。由于would rather表示选择,它后边可跟接than
She would rather sleep than talk rubbish. 她宁愿睡不愿闲聊。
7) “Did you criticize him for his mistakes?”--“Yes,but it.”
[A] I'd rather not do[B] I'd rather not doing[C] I'd rather not have done[D] I'd rather not did
[注] would rather和had rather都表示“宁愿”,在用法上也没有区别。但如果说would rather与had rather完全一样(Longman Dictionary of Comtemporary English 如是说),这一说法有争议。其实had rather在现代标准英语中几乎已经不用了。这对我们考试来说是比较重要的,因为一般考题作为标准英语是不用had rather的。
十、例题解析
1) B为正确答案。2) C为正确答案。
3) D错。改为stolen。这里C处和D处是并列的谓语,D处相当于must have stolen。
4) C为正确答案。5) B为正确答案。6) B为正确答案。7) C为正确答案。
篇3:考研英语语法精要 情态动词
考研英语语法精要 情态动词
七、情态动词
注意情态动词完成式的用法有两方面的含义:
(1)must have +过去分词,表示对已发生情况的肯定推测,译为“(昨天)一定……”。如:
My pain must have been apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically: “Are you feeling all right?”
(2)can?t/couldn’t have +过去分词,表示对已发生情况的否定推测,译为“(昨天)一定没……”。 如:
Mary couldn’t have received my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.
(3)may/might have +过去分词,表示对已发生的'事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推测,或事实上根本没发生,译为“也许……”。如:
At Florida Power’s Crystal River plant, a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician.
(1)needn’t have+过去分词,表示做了不必做的事,译为“其实没必要……”。如:
As it turned out to be a small house party, we needn’t have dressed up so formally.
(2)should /should not have +过去分词,表示应该做某事但实际上未做,或本不应该做但实际上做了, 译为“本(不)应该……”。如:
I regret having left the work unfinished; I should have planned everything ahead carefully.
(3)ought to have+过去分词,表示动作按理该发生了,但实际上未发生,译为“该……”,与should的完成式含义类似。如:
The porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke.
(4)could have+过去分词,表示过去本来可以做但却未做,译为“完全可以……”。如:
What you said is right, but you could have phrased it more tactfully.
(5)may/might have + 过去分词,表示过去可以做但实际未做,译为“(那样)也许会……”。如:
It might have been better to include more punchy statistics and photos of equipment in the introduction to further assist first-time office automation managers.
(1)may/might (just) as well“不妨,最好”,与had better相近。如:
Since the flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train.
(2)cannot/can’t…too… “越……越好,怎么也不过分”。注意这个句型的变体cannot…over…。如:
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