基于lidar技术与潮汐模型的海岛岸线提取分析.docx

摘要
海岸线是海洋国土和大陆国土的分界线,其位置和长度是我国海洋综合管理的重要基础数据。海岸线测绘是为海洋资源开发服务的前期性工作,快速而准确地监测海岸线的动态变化对于海洋的科学规划与使用管理具有十分重要的意义。海岸线又分为海岛岸线和大陆岸线两种,两者之和在我国约为 32000 多公里,其中大陆岸线为 18000 多公里,
南北跨越 20 个地理纬度;海岛岸线长达 14000 多公里。本文介绍海岛岸线提取的基本理论,总结了传统海岛岸线提取的各种方法和技术,
主要有实地测量法和遥感影像获取法两种。海岸线实地测量法一般采用 GPS RTK 技术, 在岸线特征点采集时需人工携带 GPS 仪器到现场定位,对于实际测量中经常会遇到的沙砾岸线、淤泥岸线以及基岩岸线等难以分辨或者难以到达的地区,往往不能实施具体的测量,从而影响海岸线测绘的完整度和精确度。遥感影像获取法是利用遥感技术调绘海岸线,对于影像的分辨率以及取样时刻要求较高,因此海岸线提取精度往往不高,而且遥感提取方法大部分都是提取影像中的水边线,水边线的位置受潮汐等因素的影响很大, 判读往往难以进行。
鉴于此,本文提出了利用机载 LIDAR 技术与潮汐模型提取海岛岸线的新方法,解决了传统海岛岸线提取中遇到的问题。重点阐述了利用潮汐模型计算平均大潮高潮面、潮位拟合传递海平面以及海岛高程传递的处理过程。通过研究得出,利用机载 LIDAR 数据构建高精度的数字高程模型(DEM),并结合潮汐模型解算的平均大潮高潮面最终得到的海岛岸线不但精度高,而且大大节省了人力资源。
关键词:海岛岸线,潮汐模型,平均大潮高潮面,LIDAR,DEM
ABSTRACT
The coastline is the boundaries of marine and mainland, its position and length is the important basic data of our country marine general management. The coastline mapping is a preparatory work for the development and services of marine resource. It is significance to the scientific planning and management by fast and accurate monitoring of the dynamic change about the coastline. The coastline is divided for the island coastline and mainland coastline, which in our country are about 32000 km, the mainland coastline is about 18000 km, across 20 geographic latitude from north to south and the island coastline is over 14000 km.
This paper introduced the basic theory of island coastline extraction, summarized various traditional methods and techniques, including the main field measurement and remote sensing image acquisition method. The technology of GPS RTK is the usual method for coastline field measurement, when collects the coastline feature points, it needs to take GPS equipment manually for positioning. In the actual measurement, we often can not to implement specific
measurement when encounter gravel shoreline、sludge coastline 、bedrock shoreline and other
difficult to distinguish or hard to reach areas. Thereby it affects the integrity and accuracy of the survey