污名的社会心理.doc

污名的社会心理The Social Psychology of Stigma
Annu Rev Psychol 2005 56393–421
doi 7
c
Copyright 2005 by Annual Reviews All rights reserved
First published online as a Review in Advance on September 14 2004
THE SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF STIGMA
Brenda Major and Laurie T OBrien
Department of Psychology University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara
California 93105 email
Key Words social identity identity threat stress and coping stereotyping
prejudice discrimination
■ Abstract This chapter addresses the psychological effects of social stigma Stig-
ma directly affects the stigmatized via mechanisms of discrimination expectancy con-
rmation and automatic stereotype activation and indirectly via threats to personal and
social identity We review anize recent theory and empirical research within an
identity threat model of stigma This model posits that situational cues collective rep-
resentations of ones stigma status and personal beliefs and motives shape appraisals
of the signicance of stigma-relevant situations for well-being Identity threat results
when stigma-relevant stressors are appraised as potentially harmful to ones social iden-
tity and as exceeding ones coping resources Identity threat creates involuntary stress
responses and motivates attempts at threat reduction through coping strategies Stress
responses and coping efforts affect important es such as self-esteem academic
achievement and health Identity threat perspectives help to explain the tremendous
variability across people groups and situations in responses to stigma
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 394
CONCEPTUALIZING STIGMA 394
MECHANISMS OF STIGMATIZATION 396
Negative Treatment and Discrimination 396
Expectancy Conrmation Processes 396
Automatic Stereotype Activation-Behavior 397
Stigma as Identity Threat 397
A MODEL OF STIGMA-INDUCED IDENTITY THREAT 398
Collective Representations 399
Situational Cues 399
Perso