谁飞越了疯人院？——《飞越疯人院》的福柯式解读.docx

摘要
发表于一九六二年的《飞越疯人院》是肯·凯西的首部小说,也是其杰出的代表作。本文试图利用福柯关于疯癫与监狱的相关理论来分析小说中疯人院的运行,以此揭示社会的规训本质,并探讨“谁飞越了疯人院”这一命题。
本文首先分析了小说中的疯人院病房里的病人,通过对他们言行举止的观察,发现所谓的“疯子”其实并非真正医学上的精神病人。他们因异于社会的规范而被冠以疯子的称谓,并加以排斥与隔离。然后,本文对小说中病房的各种治疗手段进行了分析。病房里的恢复治疗实则监狱式的规训手段,旨在制造同一的机器、驯顺的身体。这种非人性的治疗与管理,必然会引起“病人”的反抗与斗争。最后,本文指出斗争的结果并非如书名所寓意的“飞越疯人院”,而是无人飞越了疯人院。在福柯看来,整个社会机体是一个巨大的、连续的监狱网。这个监狱网包容了遍及整个社会的所有规训机制,学校、医院、工厂等机构无不具有规训的本质。“病人们”飞越了一个疯人院,却飞进了另一个疯人院。
从福柯关于疯癫与监狱的相关理论的角度解读《飞越疯人院》不仅为该小说的研究扩展了一个新的视野,同时也是理解福柯理论的契机。二者主题的惊人相似性为福柯的哲学文本提供了一个形象的文学文本的阐释。
关键词:飞越疯人院 福柯 疯癫 监狱
Abstract
One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest, Ken Kesey’s debut in literature in 1962, is the distinguished masterpiece among Kesey’s works. This thesis attempts to analyze the operation of the ward by employing Foucault’s physiological thinking on madness and prison in order to reveal the disciplinary society in the novel. The question will be probed into about the novel, that is, who flew over the cuckoo’s nest?
First, patients on the ward are examined in the thesis. The result of this careful observation is that neither of them are psychopaths from the perspective of medicine science. Being deviant from the norm of society makes them marked as the mad and then isolated from the society. Next the treatments on the ward are analyzed. The recovery-oriented cures are actually disciplines in the prison, which aim at producing docile body, the identical “machines” in the novel. The e of this dehumanizing management and treatments is doomed to be rebellions and struggles of the patients against the ward. Last, it is pointed out in the thesis that the consequence of the struggle, however, is not as the title has indicated that “one flew over the cuckoo’s nest”. Nobody ever flew over the cuckoo’s nest. The whole society, to Foucault, is a huge, continuous work, which reaches all the disciplinary mechanisms that function throughout society. Schools, hospitals and factories are all part of the disciplinary mechanism. The patients on the ward flew over one