gre张雷东课堂讲义.doc

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当前分类:Argument参考材料
Argument课堂讲义
更新时间: 2008-8-26   来源:   点击数: 5764
Argument preparing strategies
1,掌握基本逻辑知识;理解Critical thinking
2,熟读每一道题目
3,学习体会闪光句型的使用
4,大量阅读积累语言,形成各部分自己的写作模板
5,列出每道题的写作提纲
6,考前全文练习10-20篇
Argument 题目的结构:
Evidence → conclusion
support
审题的基本任务:分清论据和结论,看清推理关系
 
结论往往由表结果的连词引导,如:
Therefore, thus, so, hence, consequently, evidently
还有:Clearly, should ,以及目的状语从句
 
论据的主要形式
§        事实 Facts
§        统计 Statistics
§        例子 Examples
§        类比 Analogies
§        parisons
§        权威 Authorities (Experts’ opinions)
§        假设 Assumptions
 
写作原则
§        逻辑方面:切中要害
§        语言方面:言简意赅
§        词汇:注意区分书面词汇和口语词汇
§        句式:多变,适度复杂
 
读题时需注意的地方
§        文章前后论据论点各自的讨论对象
§        限定成分(定语、状语、从句)
§        绝对化词汇:all, any, every, only, unique, most, best 
 
Argument writing steps
1,skim the topic and write the introduction浏览题目写开头段;
2,input topic sentences for body paragraphs为正文段落输入段首句;
3,develop body paragraphs one by one逐一展开正文段落;
4,write the conclusion写结尾段;
5,checking检查
How to write the introductory paragraph
§        复述原文结论
§        简要复述原文论据
§        指出论证过程存在缺陷
 
根据结论的不同性质采用不同动词引领:
§        万用动词:claim, assert, allege, state, contend, maintain
§        建议类结论:suggest, advise, advocate, propose
§        预言类结论:predict, forecast/ foresee, project
§        表示期待,盼望:expect, anticipate
 
Common fallacies in topics题目中的常见缺陷
1,Survey
调查数据类问题Survey / statistics / study /report/ census / poll
 
Procedure of a typical survey
§        Divide the general group into several sub-groups
§        Analyze the percentage of each sub-group in the general group
§        Randomly select sample
 
1) Procedure of the survey
A, selective sample选择性样本
A 193
§        Many teachers were actually excluded from the survey.
§        The result of the survey lacks credibility because the arguer fails to include teachers in other subjects.
§        The result of