航空制造工程手册.pdf

西方文明史
第九講: 農業、商業發展
劉慧教授
【本著作除另有註明外,「姓名標示-非商業性-相同方式分享」】
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Economy
Manors and banal lords
Villages and cooperative farming
11th-c agricultural revolution
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Trade and industry in the early middle ages
The 11th-c take-off
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11th-c towns, old and new
Town charters
Guilds
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Manors and banal lords
Late Roman tenure
Fewer independent peasant-proprietors
Villa: owners/ coloni (peasant-tenants)/ agricultural slaves
Early Middle Ages
More independent peasant-proprietors
Manorialism from the 7th c: bipartite manor
9th-c polyptych
Demesne lands
Tributary lands
For serfs; given land use in exchange for labour on the demesne + rent in kind
1000 banal lords:
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A manor = a unit of landholding and management
Lord of a manor
Received free labour service and rent in kind
Without whose permission serfs could not leave the land or marry someone outside
Sometimes had jurisdiction over the peasants
Established profitable monopolies (mill and oven)
Could levy tallage
Later mutation of service and rent
imposed arbitrary taxes; exacted surpluses to sell on markets, demanded carting service when few tenants could afford transport costs
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Villages and cooperative farming
Manor ≠ village. A village = an agricultural partnership
Open fields
Ridge and furrow to drain off excessive summer rainfall
4-8 oxen needed for a plow
Fields divided into strips, easier for the heavy plow to turn mon pasturage on fallow land
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11th-c Agricultural Revolution
Improvement in technology
Three-field system
Improvements in the use of animal power
Watermill (from 8-9th c) and windmill (12th c)
Invasions ended
More land u