高考语法专项__非谓语动词.doc

高考语法专项非谓语动词
一、概念:在句中不能单独做谓语,但同时仍保留动词某些特征的动词形式。他们没有人称和数的变化,但可以有自己的宾语,也有时态和语态的变化。
不定式(to do)
动名词(doing) 否定形式:
二、分类: 现在分词(doing) 直接在非谓语动词前加not
分词
过去分词(done)
不定式
:一般主动式to do, 一般被动式to be done
完成主动式to have done, 完成被动式to have been done
进行式to be doing
:可作主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语和状语(即除谓语之外的各种成分)。例如:
1)主语:To master a foreign language is very important.
2)表语:My job is to drive them to pany every day.
3)宾语:Do you want to visit the Great Wall?
Can you give us some advice on what to do next?
宾补:The teacher advised us to have a rest first.
I didn’t notice e in.
注:see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等动词后作宾补的动词不定式不带to, 但变为被动语态以后(即不定式作主补时)要带to, 其中let sb. do sth. 变为被动式为sb. is let do sth.
help(帮助)后作宾补的动词不定式可带to,也可不带to. 即help sb.(to)do sth.
定语:不定式位于所修饰的名词,代词之后,如:Who was the first one to set
to the top of the hill yesterday? /He is the man to depend on/to believe in.
6)状语: in order to improve her English
:She reads China Daily every day so as to improve her English.
to improve her English
注:in order to 可以位于句首或句中,so as to 不能位于句首。
: I am glad to see you .
:They lived to see the liberation of their home 。
在“too…to…”结构中表“太…而不能”,如:He is too weak to do the work.
注:too之前如果有only, only too 表“非常”、“很”意,此时不定式不再表否定意,而表肯定意。如:They are only too lucky to go abroad for a visit. 他们很幸运去国外访问。
另外,too后如果是happy, glad之类形容词时,不定式也表肯定意,如:She was too happy to meet her old friend in the street.
3. 复合结构不定式(for sb. to do sth.),可作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。It is+adj+of/for+sb+to do sth
4. 疑问词+不定式:可作主语、表语或宾语。如:How to finish the work in time is a problem.(主语)We don´t know when and where to go .(宾语)
5. 不定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系:(后附表格)
分词
:有现在分词和过去分词两种。过去分词只有一种形式,现在分词则有:
一般主动式doing, 一般被动式being done, 完成主动式having done,完成被动式having been done
:在句中作定语、表语、宾补、状语。
:
1)语态不同:现在分词表示主动概念,及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念。例如:the moving film 动人的电影,the moved girl 受感动的姑娘,a running machine 一台转动的机器, a stolen car 一辆被盗的汽车
2)时间关系上不同:现在分词表正在进行的动作,过去分词往往表已经完成的动作。