词汇学morpheme21nov2010课件.ppt

ChangesinWordMeaningHistoricalchangesofwordsJulietspeakstoRomeo:“Iamtoofond”refersto“Iamtoofoolish”汉语中的“臭”,“风流”“吾爱孟夫子,风流天下闻”。ExtensionofmeaningHoliday:HolydayBird:youngbirdArrive:arriveatthebank英语词义变迁有四种结果:语义的大、缩小、变褒、贬低⑴词义的扩大:Extensionofmeaningholiday-holyday--youngbird--arriveattheriverbank-arriveatanyplace.⑵词义缩小:narrowingofmeaningDeer=animalinmiddleEnglishGirl=youngpersoninmiddleEnglish⑶感情意义转移:变成褒义:elevationofmeaningconstable=“anattendantatthestable”andthen“apoliceofficer”queen=“woman”=“thefemaleking”⑷变成贬义:degradationofmeaningvillain=“farmer”=“criminal罪犯”mistress=oppositetomister=“情妇”ChangesinwordmeaninginChinese⑴义项增减:①增加:例如“果”本义是指树木的果实(《说文解字》:“果,木实也”),后来又引申出一个新的意义,表示事情的结局或结果(“成果”“前因后果”)。②减少。例如“好”的本义指女子貌美(《史记·西门豹治邺》:“巫行视小家女好者,云是当为河伯妇”),由这个意义引申出“好”(与“坏”相对)的意思。⑵词语适用范围的变化:扩大和缩小。①扩大:词所指概念外延的扩大。江、河原指长江,黄河,现指所有内陆水域。②缩小:语言单位所概括和应用的范围由大变小如:“臭”古代指一切气味如《易经》:“其臭如兰”,现在专指难闻的气味。⑶词语意义的更新:随着社会生活的变化,有些词保留下来,但是意义却发生变化,原来的意义被新的意义所代替。如“兵”原来的意义是指兵器(如“坚甲利兵”),后来变成“战士”,原来的意义不存在了。CausesofchangeHistoricalreasons:Ullmann(1977)“Itoftenhappensthatlanguageismoreconservativethancivilization,materialaswellasmoralobjects,institutions,ideas,onceptschangeinthecourseoftime;yetinmanycasesthenameisretainedandthushelpstoensureasenseoftraditionandcontinuity”.􀀁Socialreasons:Ullmann(1977):“hange”.