中国民居欣赏 PPT.ppt

中国民居欣赏1目录传统建筑屋顶形式··························································3传统屋顶木结构形式······················································27传统屋顶木构架种类······················································33传统屋顶装饰··································································46传统窗户及窗棂······························································56传统大门··········································································71传统民居建筑类型··························································782中国传统民居屋顶我国古建筑屋顶常见的五种构造方式,即硬山、悬山、庑殿、歇山和攒尖建筑木构架;屋檐有单层、双层和多层形式。这样两项组合起来屋顶样式有了更多的变化。屋顶样式出现的顺序据考证推断为庑殿、悬山、歇山最后为硬山。3硬山顶硬山顶,即硬山式屋顶,是中国传统建筑双坡屋顶形式之一。屋面以中间横向正脊为界分前后两面坡,左右两面山墙或与屋面平齐,或高出屋面。硬山顶是两坡出水的五脊二坡式,特点是有一条正脊,四条垂脊,形成两面屋坡。左右侧面垒砌山墙,多用砖石,高出屋顶。屋顶的檩木不外悬出山墙。屋面夹于两边山墙之间。和悬山顶不同,硬山顶最大的特点就是其两侧山墙把檩头全部包封住,由于其屋檐不出山墙,故名硬山。硬山顶出现较晚,在宋朝的《营造法式》中未见记载。可能随着明、清时期广泛使用砖石构建房屋,硬山顶才得以大量采用。和悬山顶相比,硬山顶有利于防风火,而悬山顶有利于防雨水,因此北方民居多硬山,南方则多用悬山。4正定开元寺旧山门明清硬山顶5陈家祠硬山顶6悬山顶悬山顶,即悬山式屋顶,宋朝时称“不厦两头造”,清朝称“悬山”、“挑山”,又名“出山”,在古代,悬山顶等级上低于庑殿顶和歇山顶,仅高于硬山顶,是两面坡顶的一种,也是中国一般建筑中最常见的形式。特点是屋檐悬伸在山墙以外(又称为挑山或出山),多用于民间建筑和次要地位的建筑如神橱、神库、配殿等,凡是较重要的建筑,都没有用悬山顶的。悬山顶一般有一正脊和四垂脊,也有无正脊的卷棚悬山,山墙的山尖部分可做出不同的装饰。悬山顶是两坡出水的殿顶,五脊二坡。两侧的山墙凹进殿顶,使顶上的檩端伸出墙外,钉以搏风板。7悬山顶8大家有疑问的,可以询问和交流可以互相讨论下,但要小声点9陈家祠悬山顶10