委婉语-课件（PPT讲稿）.ppt

Euphemism in News ☆ Definition Definition ☆ Origin Origin ☆ Forms Forms ☆ Examples Examples Euphemism = “ eu ”( meaning “ good ”) +“ pheme ”(meaning “ speech ”) It literally means “ to speak with good words ”. Euphemism is a figure of speech which consists in the substitution of a word or expression of comparatively favorable implication or less unpleasant associations, instead of the harsher or more offensive one that would more precisely designate what is intended. Definition ?委婉语一般可分为两大类:传统委婉语( traditional euphemisms) 和文体委婉语( stylistic euphemisms )。所谓传统委婉语亦称是与禁忌语密切相关的。象生、病、死、葬、性、裸、拉、撒等禁忌事物,如果直接表达,那就是禁忌语,给人的感觉是粗鄙,生硬,刺耳,无礼。反之,如果间接表达,这就是委婉语,给人的印象是典雅, 含蓄,中听,有礼。?所谓文体委婉语,亦称实际上是恭维话、溢美之词,与禁忌语并无关系。英、美人(尤其是当代美国人)在交际过程中,为了表示礼貌,为了避免刺激,或是为了争取合作,有时会采用夸饰的手法,对一些令人不快的事物以美言相称。?新闻英语中常出现文体委婉语。? Taboo Euphemisms originated from primitive society. People believed that language was not merely a symbol but also with magic power. It could bring them misfortunes as well as fortunes, mentioning a certain names ran the risk of being punished, so they usually avoided these taboos. For example, In many cultures, it is forbidden to pronounce the name of God. So there are euphemisms such as “ Jeeze ”, “ Jeepers Creepers ” , or “ Gee ” for “ Jesus ”, “ Jesus Christ ” or “ Christ ”, “ goodness ” for “ God ” or “ My Gum ” for “ My God ”? Politeness According to Leech ’ s Principle of Politeness, munication, people usually followed such rules as appropriateness, generosity, praise, modesty, similarity and sympathy, so people often use indirect expressions to achieve politeness For example, to the criminal, the judge can claim “ You have been sentenced to five years in prison. ” While if a person has to mention the similar thing in front of the criminal ’ s parents or relatives, he/she will probably say “ He has been sent to the big house. ” or “ He is now living under the government ’ s expense. ” The fear of causing mental pain and the desire