IcebergPrinciple冰山原则 Outline 1 2 3 4 Origin and Definition Background Methods and Representative examples Development and Influence 第1页/共23页 Origin and Definition 1 第2页/共23页 Origin If a writer of prose knows enough of what he is writing about, he may omit things that he knows and the reader, if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an ice-berg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. A writer who omits things because he dose not know them only makes hollow places in his writing. --Ernest Hemingway in the Death in the Afternoon 第3页/共23页 Definition The theory of omission 所谓“冰山原则”，就是用简洁的文字塑造出鲜明的形象，把自身的感受和思想情绪最大限度的埋藏在形象之中，使之情感充沛却含而不露、思想深沉而隐而不晦，从而将文学的可感性与可思性巧妙的结合起来，让读者对鲜明形象的感受去发掘作品的思想意义。 第4页/共23页 Definition 简洁的文字、鲜明的形象、丰富的情感和深刻的思想是构成”冰山原则”的四个基本要素。具体地说，文字和形象是所谓的“八分之一”，而情感和思想是所谓的“八分之七”。前两者是具体可见的，后两者是寓于前两者之中的。文字塑造了形象，形象包含了情感，而情感之中蕴涵着思想。诚然，就一般文学作品而言，这四个要素都是必不可少的，但在海明威的作品中显得尤为突出，因为他强调了情感和思想的含蓄性。 第5页/共23页 Background 2 第6页/共23页 Background The need to completely change the florid style of literature in the 19th century Victorian era. Hemingway’s years’ life experiences and his way of thinking about lives. In Hemingway’s point of view, wars, succeeded by an unstable society, brought about unprecedented disasters to human beings. Wars contributed to Hemingway’s basic views on the human society and as well set a dull and gloomy tone for his early works. 第7页/共23页 Background Being a reporter laid a good foundation for Hemingway’s “iceberg principle”. His terseness and accuracy had some in common with the language used in news report. Nevertheless, he didn’t lose his personality in such a strict regulations of words, on the contrary he created his own special language style. 第8页/共23页 Methods and Reprezentative
