宋代的走马承受-word资料(精).doc

1 宋代的走马承受毛平安( 陕西师范大学历史文化学院,西安, 710062 ) [ 摘要]: 宋代是我国封建社会经济发展的顶峰,伴随着商品经济的高度繁荣,宋代的社会监察制度也有了长足的发展。它不仅继承了汉唐监察制度的精髓,而且从中央到地方均建立了一套颇具时代特色的新的监察体制。“走马承受”便是地方监察体系中极为重要的一环。虽然它仅仅存在了一百余年的时间,但其职权却涉及军事,政治等各个方面,是皇帝极为倚重的耳目之一,对维护宋王朝统治秩序的相对稳定起到了一定的作用。本文就对走马承受的设置与废罢,任选与监察,职责与权限,任职人的特点等方面进行初步的考证。关键词: 走马承受设置与废罢任选与监察职能任职人 Abstract : Song Dynasty was the summit of economic development of feudal society of our country, following the high prosperity modity economy, the social supervisory of Song Dynasty has got considerable development too. It inherit Han and Tang Dynasties marrow of supervisory , set up first have much characteristic new control systems of era from central to local. " gallop along on horseback and bear " is that the place controls an extremely important ring in the system. Though it has only existed for more than 100 years, but its functions and powers involve the military affairs , politics all respects, ears and eyes that emperor rely on for counsel extremely one of, to maintain Song towards rule a lasting one relatively stable to play a certain role. The establishment that bears to galloping along on horseback of this text and abolishing, optional and control, duty and authority , hold a post characteristic of people ,etc. goes on the preliminary textual criticism . Key Word : Gallop along on horseback and bear Set up and abolish Optional and controlling Function Work as people “走马承受”是宋代特设的一种官职,其全称为“诸路经略安抚总管司走马承受并体量公事”,因其全称文字太多,在宋代的史籍中,多用其“诸路承受公事”,“走马承受公事”,“走马承受并体量公事”,“走马承受”,“走马”,“承受”等诸种省称。一走马承受的设置与废罢宋代走马承受公事的产生是出于加强皇权的需要。中唐以后,武将跋扈,拥兵自重,形成藩镇割据之局面,对封建专制集权统治是极大的威胁。五代之时, 各朝更替频仍,亦缘于此。至于北宋,为革其弊,在建国之初即采取了一系列措施以削弱地方势力,加强专制皇权。于是在地方上施以种种限制,除重用文官, 以文制武外,临时差遣耳目来监视地方要员便成为其极具特色的手段。走马承受之职就是在这种背景下应运而生的。“走马承受”作为宋代特有的监察制度,是路级监察体系的重要组成部分, 2 为皇帝的“耳目之寄,实司按察”。 1关于走马承受的设置与废罢,有以下几个问题值得探讨: (一)走马承受设置的时间关于走马承受设置的具体时间,史书上并没有确切的记载,只是说设于“宋初”,这是一个非常笼统得说法,所以我们现在只能根据相关的史料作以推断。根据马端临的《文献通考》所载:“走马承受,诸路各一员,宋仁宗时置”。 2这种说法值得商榷。宋代人李焘的《续资治通鉴长编》记载,在宋太祖末期已经有走马承受这一称呼。根据《宋会要辑稿》所载:“太宗至道元年九月,供奉官宋元度等五人分往镇、定、并等州及高阳关承受