词汇学6.ppt

Chapter 6 Sense Relations polysemy 1 homonymy 2 synonymy 3 antonymy 4 hyponymy 5 Contents semantic field 6 Semantically, lexemes are all related in one way or another. A lexeme which is related to other lexemes is related to them in sense, hence sense relations. The field of sense relations are polysemy, homonymy, synonymy, antonymy and hyponymy. Semantic field monly felt to be an integral part of sense relations. General Introduction Definition: Polysemy [p ? lisi:mi] means that one single word has two or more senses at the same time. 它是指一个单独的词同时有两个或更多的意义。 The bulk of English words are polysemantic; one – meaning words are rare and are mainly scientific terms such as hydrogen, molecule, and so on. How does a word acquire new meanings? PART PART 01 01 Polysemy 一词多义关系(1) Diachronic approach 历时研究方法 It is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word. 一词多义是同一个词的语义结构历史发展的结果。 Two approaches to polysemy Example: face The front of the head 脸 The expression of the countenance 表情 A surface of a thing 表面 The appearance, outward aspect 外表, 外貌 Dignity, self-respect, prestige, as in lose /save face 面子, 威信 The topography of an area 地形 Effrontery, audacity 厚颜(1) Diachronic approach 历时研究方法 All the meanings 2-7 are derived from 1. The first meaning is the primary meaning meanings are called derived meanings 派生意义. These meanings were acquired by extension, narrowing, analogy, transfer, etc. (1) Diachronic approach 历时研究方法 There are also many instances in which the primary meaning gave birth to new meanings, and as a result the primary meaning became obsolete or disappeared altogether. A good example is pain, whose original meaning was ‘ penalty or punishment ’, and now this meaning is preserved only in such phrases as ‘ pains and penalty ’ and ‘ upon/under pain of (death) ’. The derived meanings ‘ suffering ’, ‘ great fort of the body or mind ’ have e prevalent. (1) Diach