霍金宇宙简史.pdf

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STEPHEN W.
HAWKING
SPECIAL ANNIVERSARY EDITION
THE THEORY OF
EVERYTHING
THE ORIGIN AND FATE OF THE UNIVERSE
PHOENIX
BOOKS
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Copyright ©2005 Phoenix Books
First published under the title The Cambridge Lectures:
Life Works Copyright © 1996 by Dove Audio, Inc.
All rights reserved. Written permission must be secured from the publisher
to use or reproduce any part of this book, except brief quotations in critical
reviews and articles.
ISBN: 1-59777-508-8
Library of Congress Cataloging-In-Publication Data Available
Book Design by Sonia Fiore
Printed in the United States of America
Phoenix Books
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Beverly Hills, CA 90212
10 9 8 7 6 5 4
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CONTENTS
Introduction
FIRST LECTURE
ideas about the universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
SECOND LECTURE
the expanding universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
THIRD LECTURE
black holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
FOURTH LECTURE
black holes ain’t so black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
FIFTH LECTURE
the origin and fate of the universe . . . . . . . . . . . . .77
SIXTH LECTURE
the direction of time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
SEVENTH LECTURE
the theory of everything . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
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INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION
n this series of lectures I shall try to give an outline of what we think is the
Ihistory of the universe from the big bang to black holes. In the first lecture
I shall briefly review past ideas about the universe and how we got to our
present picture. One might call this the history of the history of the universe.
In the second lecture I shall describe how both Newton’s and Einstein’s the-
ories of gravity led t