礼貌原则 英语.ppt

Politeness Theory
1
Back to Grice’s CP
A: We’ll all miss Robin Harr and Bob, won’t we?
B: Well, we’ll all miss RobPeel these potatoes.
benefit to h
cost to h
9
Politeness scale: Directness/optionality[have to do with manner-regualting]
Could you possibly answer the phone?
Would you mind answering the phone?
Can you answer the phone?
Will you answer the phone?
I want you to answer the phone.
Answer the phone.
indirect
direct
10
Approbation Maxim[in expressives and assertives]
a. Minimize dispraise of other
b. Maximize praise of other
Maxim of modesty[in expressives and assertives]
a. Minimize praise of self
b. Maximize dispraise of self
Source: Leech 一九八三: 八一, 一三二.
11
Speech-regulating
A: I can drop you in town if you like.
B: It’s very kind of you, but it will cause you some inconvenience, won’t it?
A: No, not at all. I’m going in that direction.
B: Thank you very much.
12
Examples
What a marvelous meal you cooked,
What an awful meal you cooked,
A: This is one of the best articles I’ve ever read.
B: Yes, it’s brilliant, isn’t it?
我这个大老粗,不会说话.
Maxims of approbation and modesty
13
Leech’s Politeness Principle
Agreement Maxim
a. Minimize disagreement between self and other
b. Maximize agreement between self and other
Yes/Right / I think so. / Me, too. /Can’t agree more.
Source: Leech 一九八三: 八一, 一三二.
14
Partial agreement / token agreement
A: That’s where you live, Florida?
B: That’s where I was born.
A: You hate your mom and dad..
B: Sometimes.
A: Have you got friends?
B: I have friends. So-called friends. I had friends. Let me put that way.
15
Leech’s Politeness Principle
Sympathy Maxim
a. Minimize antipathy between self and other
b. Maximize sympathy between self and other
Source: Leech 一九八三: 八一, 一三二.
16
Politeness: Examples
I’m terribly sorry to hear about your cat.
I’m delighted to hear about your cat.
Maxim of sympathy
17
Reminder
Tact Maxim > Generosity Maxim
Approbation Maxim > Modesty Maxim
Submaxim-a