词汇学复习资料.doc

Ⅰ. 词义改变的几种方式
(1)Extension (四种)(P93)
from specific to general--- picture
from proper nouns mon nouns:----rugby,, champagne, etc.
 from concrete to abstract: threat(军队—威胁)Grasp(抓—领会)nitpick(挑虱子—挑剔)
from technical terms to general words: catalyst--催化剂--刺激/促进因素 example original meaning modern meaning
citizen city dweller inhabitant of a state or nation ---1
salary        salt money   fixed regular pay esp. for workers---1
layman    one who is not of clergy   non-member of any profession-- 1 --
offend 反对→使感到恼火或愤恨不满----- 1
bird 小鸟→任何一种鸟----- 1
quarantine (隔离的)四十天→被迫隔离的一段时间--- 1
companion 伙伴,尤指法律或正式关系的伙伴(如配偶或同事) →同伴----2
pile 桥墩→堆在一起的或逐个叠放的大量东西----2
subsist 使存在,使活着→存在,生存----1
task 税款→任务    ---3

specialization(四种)(P96)
1. from general to specific----meat, girl年轻人
2. from abstract to concrete----- gear ( habit, manners )
3. mon nouns to proper nouns----- the Mediterranean
example original meaning modern meaning
meat food edible flesh
starve die die from hunger
wife a woman a married woman
hangar 棚| 飞机棚, 飞机库
garage 安全地方| 汽车间
grocer 批发商|(经营茶叶、咖啡、糖、香料、水果等杂品的)零售商
artillery 军火| 大炮
liquor 液体| (尤指蒸馏制成的)酒原义词义缩小后的意义
poison 饮料| 毒药
shroud 衣服| 寿衣
stink 任何一种气味| 臭气
hospital 供旅游者休息娱乐的场所| 医院
(3) Amelioration(. Elevation of meaning 词义的升格):原来贬义或中性的词转换为褒义。(P98)
Example :
Marshall -- 马夫--元帅 executive -- 一般执行者--行政官员
ess -- 结果--成功 shrewd--邪恶的--机灵的 minister--仆人--首相

(4) Deterioration ( Degradation of meaning 词义的降格):有中性活褒义转为贬义。
Example:
Silly-幸福-愚蠢
Cunning-有知识的-奸诈
Villain-种田人-坏人,恶棍
(5)Semantic shift/meaning transfer:(词义转移):主观(subjective)意义转为客观(objective)意义或反之
Example:
Productive-多产的-productive writer (obj- subj)
Sweet flower-sweet face (obj-subj)
Pitiful-有同情心的-可怜的(subj-obj)
Tuneful-好唱歌的-悦耳的(subj-obj)
The weather smiles on us. (拟人—人转物)
Angry waves 怒涛 angry sea 怒海
Sensitive plants 含羞草(原用于修饰人的词用于修饰物)

(6)transferred epithet(移位修辞):用描写甲事物的词用来修饰乙事物。
Example :
Restless night ---是人未眠而非夜未眠
Happy new years---人happy