东北民族萨满服饰艺术解构-论文.pdf

摘要

本文以萨满服饰为考察对象。从学术领域论,萨满服饰属于“萨满造型艺术”范畴,
是近世纪学者们在探索萨满文化过程中,随着学术视野的拓宽,从人类学、艺术学视角
提出的概念。萨满服饰是以物质为载体,具有文化象征意义的特殊符号形态。各民族服
饰造型在符号化的过程中,既相互渗透,又互有差异。但其实现的功能则基本一致,即
体现萨满信仰观念,服务于萨满神事行为。因此,学术界对于萨满服饰研究,经历了由
对物化形态的描述到对意识属性的探讨这一过程。
本文以历史学、民族学角度对东北民族萨满服饰的形制及演变加以考证,并在此基
础上运用象征人类学、艺术人类学等方法,对各民族萨满服饰艺术所具有的符号象征意
义、信仰文化内涵、艺术审美特征等方面进行解构,以反观萨满服饰所承载的人类原始
文化内涵。
本文研究表明,东北民族萨满服饰形制,大体经历了“质料由皮制到布制,佩饰由
简省到繁复”的过程。萨满服饰风格的形成,与各民族所处的地域环境、生产方式、制
服传统密切相关,并随各方面条件的变化而有所变异。
东北民族萨满服饰主要为神帽和神服两部分。本文依萨满神帽制式,将神帽分为鸟
式神帽、羽式神帽、角式神帽、冠式神帽四类;萨满神服大致可分为长袍式神服与袖衫
式神服两类。萨满披肩并非必备装束,样式极为自如,萨满神裙样式则相对统一,可
以说每件装束都具有独特的艺术特色与文化内涵。
萨满服饰中存在众多象征符号,被赋予了萨满原始文化内涵。首先,萨满服饰本身
即为萨满神界构成的缩影,展现了各民族原始观念对于世界构成形态的认知体系;其次,
萨满服饰依托于象征神灵的色彩、造型符号,而具有了某种神圣力量。据此而言,萨满
服饰亦是各民族原始灵魂观念的产物,反映了他们万物有灵的认知意识;最后,萨满服
饰中的众多造型符号,涉及了萨满原始信仰体系的各个方面,包括自然崇拜、动物崇拜、
图腾崇拜与始祖崇拜。


关键词:东北民族;萨满服饰;艺术特征;象征符号;原始观念



I
Abstract

This article takes the shaman costumes as the inspection object. Looking from the
academic field, the shaman costumes is subordinate to the category of Shaman Plastic Arts.
It is the concept put forward from the view of Ethnology and Art along with widening of the
academic vision, when modern scholars are exploring the process of shamanism culture.
Taking the substance as a carrier, the shaman costumes are special symbols form, which
has its own culturally symbolic meaning. In the process of modeling symbolized, all ethnic
groups’ finery have both ration and differences in it. But their realize function and
purpose is basic consistent, in other words, its reflect the original belief and notion, and
then service for ritual activities. Therefore, the study of the Shaman costumes has undergone
the process of that from the description of materialized form to the discussion of
consciousness attribute for academia.
In this paper, there is a textual research on the field of the shaman costumes’ form and
evolvement of northeast minority to the perspective of history and anthropology,