论刘长卿的七言律诗.doc

摘

要
处于盛唐、中唐两座文学高峰之间,大历诗坛像低谷中的涓涓细流,轻吟浅唱,悄
然生变而不易为人所觉察。时代的不幸导致个人的不幸,此期的诗人大多亲身经历安史
之乱,残败的山河、荒凉的家园、生离死别等就进入他们的诗作中。战乱后的经济危机、
政治昏乱使诗人的社会价值和个人价值产生冲突,所以抒写诗人个体身世飘零、仕途坎
坷的悲观意绪,仕与隐之间的矛盾以及山水隐逸情怀的近体诗,成了这一时期的主旋律。
与此同时诗歌作为社会交际媒介的功能大大加强,迎来送往之间,大量的应酬诗作产生。
刘长卿是最能代表大历诗歌风气的诗人,向以“五言长城”出名,但其实他的七律
同样出色,呈现出盛唐到中唐的过渡性。长卿发挥七律诗体长于写情的优点,以贬谪和
赠别为主题,抒发人生易逝的伤感、怀才不遇的落寞、漂泊离别的孤寂。诗人通过丰富
的审美意象,抒发隐逸、思乡、惜别、悲秋、迟暮之复杂情怀。大量象征性诗歌意象的
出现,不仅是对“比”、“兴”传统的继承和拓展,也创造了一种清空流畅、含蓄蕴藉的
个人风格。长卿具备纯熟的律诗技巧,表现在工整稳妥的对仗,善于使用虚字虚词、双
声叠韵叠字,创造和谐流畅的韵律等方面,形成自己独有的句法、章法,为后学所模仿。
中唐诗歌的内敛、抒写心灵、格律化的倾向在长卿七律中已清晰可见。
在唐诗体式从古体到近体、五言到七言的演变中,七律这个在大历时还比较新的诗
体有可大力开拓的空间,长卿等大历诗人对王维为数不多的七律的模仿学习,形成清新
淡远的风格。在揭示社会现实、关心民生、诗体的探索和实践方面,长卿则比较接近杜
甫。长卿七律风格、章法、意象等对中晚唐的刘禹锡、李商隐、许浑、赵嘏等都有一定
的启发和影响。
关键词:中唐;大历;刘长卿;七律;诗体演变
I
Abstract
The poetry of Dali period is like a sluggish trickle of stream silently flowing in a
valley between two literary peaks of the Prosperous Tang Dynasty and the Mid-Tang
Dynasty, hardly to be noticed. The turbulences of a time could lead to life stirring of
people who live in it. Most of the poets in this period were suffering from the Anshi
Rebellion. Dilapidated landscape, desolated homelands, parting and death were all
incorporated into the poetry. The economic crisis after wars and political chaos had
caused conflicts between poets’ social and personal value, which gave birth to
modern-style poetry with themes that were delivering the pessimistic emotions on
individual drifting and setbacks during official careers; contradictions between being an
official and hermits; orientation towards living in seclusion. At the mean while, a great
number of social poetry were emerging due to its gradually strengthening function as a
media of munication.
Liu Changqing was one of the typical representatives in Dali period. His“Wu
yan chang cheng”Was known for a long time, and his seven-character-regulated-verse
had been well-known too, which vividly presented the literary transition from the
Prosperous Tang Dynast