词汇学资料.ppt

Chapter 3 Word Meaning and Semantic RelationTeaching objectives? 1 What is semantics?? 2 What is meaning?? 3 What is a word??4 What is motivation?Semantics?Semantics---a major branch of linguistics devoted to thestudy of meaning.?Other definitions:?Semantics: studies in the science of meaning. (first used by the French linguist Michael Bréal in the 19th century) ?Semantics: the study of the relationships between linguistic forms and entities in the world; that is, how words literally connect to things. (e Yule)Further divided into several branches:?Historical semantics---历史语义学?Structural semantics ---结构语义学----from diachronicstudy to synchronic study from semantic change to relations between words?Behavioral semantics---行为语义学? Philosophical ~: Logical ~?Semantics{ Structural ~? Linguistic ~{? Generative ~Semantics?语义学(Semantics),也作“语意学”,是一个涉及到语言学、逻辑学、计算机科学、自然语言处理、认知科学、心理学等诸多领域的一个术语。?语义学的研究对象是自然语言的意义,这里的自然语言可以是词,短语、词组,句子,篇章等等不同级别的语言单位。但是各个领域里对语言的意义的研究目的不同。Semantics?语言学的语义学研究目的在于找出语义表达的规律性、内在解释、不同语言在语义表达方面的个性以及共性;?逻辑学的语义学是对一个逻辑系统的解释,着眼点在于真值条件,不直接涉及自然语言;?计算机科学相关的语义学研究在于机器对自然语言的理解;?认知科学对语义学的研究在于人脑对语言单位的意义的存储及理解的模式。?http://baike./view/ is ‘meaning’??Meaning ---can be defined as a reciprocal relation between name and sense.(语言文字和它表示的内容)(人类赋予符号的含义,传递和交流的精神内容)Discussion:?I didn’t mean to hurt you.?Life without faith has no meaning.?Dark clouds mean rain.?It was John I meant not : Meaning is elusive in the English language and does not seem to be stable, but it depends upon speakers, hearers and tosignificancea sign ofspoke ofContents of Semantics?Word Meaning & Sentence MeaningDiscussion:?His typewriter has bad intentions.?My unmarried sister is married to a bachelor.?John was looking for the glasses.?The needle is short. The needle is not long.---these are the linguistics phenomena we should pay close attention