英语语言学ppt课件.ppt

Chapter4SyntaxWhatissyntax?----,即研究词如何组成短语和句子以及支配短语和句子构成的规则。CategoriesCategoryreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,,如句子,名词词组,动词等。Word-levelcategoriesMajorlexicalcategories:N,V,Adj,:Det,Deg,Qual,Auxi,:(nouns:entities,objects)Inflectioneg:(pluralaffix–s:boy,desk)Distributioneg:(nouns:thegirl,acard;verbs:shouldgo,willstay;adjectives:verycool,toobright)Note:Themostreliablecriterionofdeterminingaword’----thesyntacticunitsthatarebuiltaroundacertainwordcategoryarecalledphrasecategories,suchasNP(N),VP(V),AP(A),PP(P).(围绕某一词组成的结构)[NPtheprettygirl][VPoftendream][APverypessimistic][PPmainlyabout]Thestructure:specifier+plementHead(中心语)----thewordaroundwhichaphraseisformed(构建一个短语范畴的中心词)Specifier(标志语)----plement(补语)----thewordsontherightsideoftheheadsPhrasestructurerulesThegrammaticalmechanismthatregulatesthearrangementofelementsthatmakeupaphraseiscalledaphrasestructurerule(规定短语成分排列顺序的语法规则)NP(Det)+N+(PP)……,thefishontheplate,(Qual)+V+(NP)……,(Deg)+A+(PP)……,verypessimistic,familiarwith,veryclosetoPP(Deg)+P+(NP)……,intheboat,:ThephrasestructurerulescanbesummedupasXPruleshowninthediagram,inwhichXstandsforN,V,-----thestructuresthatareformedbyjoiningtwoormoreelementsofthesametypewiththehelpofaconjunctionsuchasand,or,etc.----Coordinationhasfourimportantproperties:nolimitonthenumberofcoordinatedcategoriesbeforetheconjunction;acategoryatanylevelcanbecoordinated;thecategoriesmustbeofthesametype;thecategorytypeofthecoordinatephraseisidenticaltothecategorytypeoftheel