英语语言学ppt课件.ppt

语言学知识点
I 语言学导论
II 语言学主要分支学科
III 语言学的流派和理论
I 语言学导论
1. design feature of language
（语言的定义特征）
2. Langons in Linguistics
3). langue（语言） & parole （言语）
Theorist：Saussure（索绪尔）, father of modern linguistics
langue: abstract linguistic system
parole: actual realization of langue
Important Distinctions in Linguistics
举例：
汉语系统
langue
每个中国人在不同具体场景中说出的具体话语
parole
Important Distinctions in Linguistics
4) Competence（语言能力） and performance （语言运用）
theorist: Chomsky(乔姆斯基)
competence: user's knowledge
of rules about the linguistic system.
performance: the actual
realization of this knowledge in concrete situations.
5. Scope of Linguistics (语言学的研究范围)
1）按研究内容来分
2）按研究导向来分
语言学分类-按研究内容分
语言学分类-按研究内容分
语言学分类-按研究导向分
语言学分类-按研究内容分
语言学分类-按研究内容分
考点:
(phonetics)和音系学(phonology)的定义和区别
: 清音和浊音
: 音子，音位, 超音段特征
Phonetics studies all speech sounds in human languages: how they are produced, transmitted and how they are received.
Phonology: aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
区别: meaning(是否研究和表达意义有关的语音）
举例:
too 和 tea 中的 /t/
发too中的/t/时, 舌位更靠近口腔前部
发tea中的/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部
语音学要研究这种/t/发音的不同之处, 音系学不研究
Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
语音学分类
articulatory phonetics(发音语音学): speaker’s production
acoustic phonetics（声学语音学）: transmission’s medium
auditory phonetics(听觉语音学): receiver’s reception
如何记忆phonetics和phonolgy的区别:
联想: mathematics, physics, mechanics
phonetics 语言学，-ics科学性更强

geology, sociology, astrology
phonology 音系学，-ology人文性更强
How speech sounds are made
Speech organs
Position of the vocal folds(声带): voicing(浊音) and voiceless (清音)
Voiceless(清音)：vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting the air stream go through without causing obstruction
清音举例：[p,s,t]
Voicing/Voiced（浊音）：vocal cords held together, letting the air stream vibrates