语言学导论-英文版.ppt

●研究方法 Methods to carry out studies
● Synchronicity/ Diachronicity,. Contrastive
study of certain phenomenon in the same period
Modern to modern ancient to ancient
● Explanation/ description. CA not merely
finds the differences between languages but gives
explanation
●3演绎/归纳 Deduction/ nduction. CA not only lists
examples and facts to draw a conclusion, but also put
forward a propose and try to illustrate
Statistics/Analysis. Conclusion is drawn
on the basis of statistical study not merely few cases
and examples

1) Synchronic intralingual语言内共时
●心疼/胃疼
●鸡吃了/人吃了
o John is easy to please
o John is eager to please
2) Diachronic intralingual语言内历时
e old English(450 to 1150)
o Middle English(1150-1500)
o Early Modern English(1500-1700)
Modern English (1700-)
o No English language in Britain before 450AD
o There German tribes, the Angles, the Saxons and
the Jutes, the Anglo-Saxon stock of words make
30% of the English vocabulary
e The native elements. the loan elements
e Latin. Greek. French
o From Synthetic to Analytic
● easier-Ⅲ ore easy
● Who did you see
● from sov to sv0
o Barber(1993)As the inflectional system
decayed, other devices were increasingly
used to replace it. For one thing, word
order became more important: inflections
were increasingly incapable of showing
which nouns was the subject of the
sentence, and which the object, and this
function was taken over by the use of the
SVO word order
old Chinese (500BC--700AD)
o Middle Chinese(701AD--1900)
● Modern chinese(1901
present
古代汉语现代汉语古代汉语现代汉语
污弄脏
砸打破
腆挺起
坑害苦
●摧折断
视看见
闭做完
涨升高
Comparison and contrast
3) Synchronic interlingual语言间共时
打碎玻璃 /broke the window;劈开木头 chop the
wood
●加深危机 deepen the crisis;澄清事实 clarify the
fact
●缩小差距 narrow the gap;打扫房间 dust the
room;
●客人来了。
The guest
●来客人了
a guest
g
●我出去关门
I went to close the door
●我关门出去。 I went out after closing the door.
●从杭州坐旅游车向西南方向走大约二小时可以到
●达一个