大学英语《说明文写作》教程.ppt

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说明文写作
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一、概述
二、写作方法及例子
三、图表作文
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一、概述
说明文是描述某一事物、事由或过程的文章。它用于说明客观事物的特点和性能，或介绍某种操作的程序，或解释某些抽象概念，或阐明某种科学原理、自然现象等，完全是就事论事的描述，所以也称技术性的描写文。词典、教材、论文、实验报告、甚至广告等都属这类文体。
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二、写作方法及例子
1、下定义（definition）
像词典那样直接地给字或词下定义，也包括进一步通过举例、对比、比喻逻辑推理等写作方法解释事物，使读者对事物的特点有更全面的了解。
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例：
Ambition means the goal in our life. To have one’s ambition does not necessarily mean to become one of the chief state leaders. This is not the real sense of the word. True ambition encourages us always to look forward and not to lose hope in face of failure. Ambition differs from person to person and everyone has his own ambition. Yet not every one of us can succeed in what we desire to do.
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2、举例子（Illustration）。
例：
Americans value manual labor. They have great respect for craftsmanship. Many Americans prefer craft hobbies. For example, some build small boats in their leisure time. Others make new furniture or refinish antique furniture. Others enjoy
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gardening or painting. Many low-income American families have beautiful furniture or paintings or pottery or boats. They make these things and they are proud of their manual skill. In fact some people are really very handy.
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3、分类（Classification）。
把事物分作若干类型并说明或描述各事物的特点和差异。
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例：
All matter is in one of the three states. It may be in the state of a gas, a liquid or a solid. A solid has definite shape and definite volume. A liquid has definite volume, but it has no definite shape. It may flow or take the shape of its container. A gas changes not only in shape but also in volume, for it expands and contracts easily.
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4、比较（Comparison）和对照（Contrast）
比较和对照在英语写作中应用非常广泛。一般来说，比较时指对人或事件之间相同点进行分析；对比是对人或事物之间的不同点进行比较。不过在很多情况下，这两种方法不能截然分开。
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