试论提单的首要条款硕士学位论文.doc

摘要
首要条款是提单诸多背面条款中重要的条款之一,不仅关系到提单各当事人的权利和义务,而且还会涉及有关法律适用等一系列复杂问题。提单首要条款的性质、效力以及提单首要条款与提单法律适用条款、地区条款的关系,在理论界和司法实践中均争议较大。文章在全面分析提单首要条款产生的原因、特征的基础上,深入研究首要条款的法律性质及其效力,通过讨论我国现行法律框架下提单首要条款的法律地位,尝试澄清理论界在此问题上的分歧和模糊点,以期对我国司法实践有所帮助。
本文分为四个部分。
第一章提单首要条款的概述。提单首要条款作为提单的一种条款,一般是指明提单或提单的某些事项,适用某一国际公约(如海牙规则、维斯比规则)或某一国内法(如美国海上货物运输法)。它的产生,一方面是由于国家立法的强制性规定,以及相关提单公约适用范围扩大的需要,另一方面是由于航运团体的实践推广。
第二章提单首要条款的法律性质。首先介绍了理论界对这一问题的争议,一派认为提单首要条款是法律适用条款,另一派坚持提单首要条款与法律适用条款应有所区别。本文认为对提单首要条款的性质要进行理性分析。提单首要条款指明的国际公约或国内法因该国际公约或国内法在法院地国的性质不同而使提单首要条款的性质有所变化。因此尽管提单首要条款有类似于法律适用条款的地方,两者在性质上还是有所区别的。
第三章提单首要条款的效力。由于对首要条款性质的认定没有统一,其效力问题也争议颇多。本文认为提单首要条款的效力也受到一定的限制,即不得违背法院地国的强行法和公共秩序,且满足一定条件时,地区条款还要优先于它适用;首要条款效力优先于其他一般合同条款;作为争端解决条款也具有独立性。
第四章提单首要条款在我国之法律地位。针对我国司法实践中对提单首要条款性质、效力这一问题的混乱状况,提出了一些解决方法与建议。另外,本文还特别分析了指明受《海牙规则》约束的首要条款在我国的适用。
关键词:提单首要条款法律性质
ABSTRACT
Paramount Clause is one of the important clauses of the Bill of Lading, this clause not only affects the rights and obligations of the B/L concerned parties, but also concerns the law application matter. In theory area and judicial practice some problems have never reached agreement, for example, the legal nature and effect of the paramount clause, the relationships among B/L application clause and regional clause. After fully analyzed the cause and characteristic, this paper further discussed the legal nature and effect of the clause. The writer hopes this paper could clarify the dispute and vague in the theory, attempts could do some contribution to our countries legal practice.
This article is divided into four parts.
Chapter 1 is an overview of the Paramount Clause. As a term of the bill of lading, the Paramount Clause is generally specified that Bill of lading or certain matters of the bill of lading should apply an international convention such as “Hague Rules”, “Hague Visby Rules”, or a domestic law such as COGSA. It appears partly because the needs of the expanding scope of “Hague Rules” and the convention on the bill of lading, and the nat