叔本华善恶观探析.pdf.pdf

华中科技大学
硕士学位论文
叔本华善恶观探析
姓名:杨伟芳
申请学位级别:硕士
专业:马克思主义哲学
指导教师:马天俊
20050401
华中科技大学硕士学位论文
摘要
叔本华作为西方现代非理性主义和人本主义哲学的开创者其思想内容丰富
影响深远在伦理学领域他亦有着深刻的善恶思想这是本文关注并论述的主题
首先本文分析了叔本华对善恶本质的独特规定他指出基于纯粹利己主义的
善恶只能是相对性善恶提出了与此相对的绝对性善恶认为利己动机会导致恶行
利他动机则会产生善行
其次本文从三个层面上论证了叔本华善恶观中善恶的来源在人性论基础上
利己主义和邪恶是恶的基础同情是善的基础在本体论根源上意志本体的单一
性和冲动性造成了意志自身的同一性和表象的分立性之间的矛盾同一性是善的根
源而分立性是恶的根源在认识论根据上局限于个体化原理的认识是产生恶的
根据而看穿个体化原理的认识则是产生善的根据
再次本文梳理了叔本华善恶观中善与恶各自的具体表现形态恶的形态包括
非义和恶毒善的形态包括仁爱和纯善此外本论文还分别阐述了作为善的萌芽
和终结状态的公道和至善
最后笔者基于以上探讨揭示了叔本华善恶思想内在的主要矛盾即绝对性善
之内在矛盾利己和同情之矛盾以及认识对善恶的作用之矛盾

关键词叔本华善恶意志表象
I
华中科技大学硕士学位论文
Abstract
Arthur Schopenhauer, as the pioneer of western modern irrationalism and
humanism, has rich thoughts and make a profound impact. In ethics, he has deep view of
good and evil, which is the theme of the paper.
First, the paper analyses schopenhauer’s unique opinion on nature of good and evil.
He think good and evil based on pure egoism is relative, and bring forward absolute good
and evil. He hold egoistic motives can give rise to evil, and altruistic motives can cause
good.
Second, the paper discusses three sources of good and evil. In the theory of human
nature, egoism and malice is the base of evil passion is the base of good. In
ontology, the singleness and impulsion of will lead to the contradiction of the sameness
of will-in-itself and the distinction of representation, the sameness of will-in-itself is the
root of good, and the distinction of representation is the root of evil. In Epistemology, the
principle of individualization is the chief reason of evil, and seeing through the principle
of individualization is the main reason of good.
Third, the paper summarizes variant forms of good and evil. Forms of evil include
injustice and malice, and forms of good include benevolence and pure good. In addition,
the paper make an exposition on fairness and ultimate good.
Finally, on the ground of the study above, the author reveals