语言学-同义词与反义词.ppt

Antonym Synonym
Definition
Antonym (反义词)
A word that means the opposite of another word, such as empty is an antonym of full.
Synonym(同义词)
A word that means the same or nearly the same as another word, such as bucket and pail.
Content
main sub-types:
--Gradable Antonym
--Complementary Antonym
--Converse Antonym
The usage of Antonym
main sub-types:
-- Absolute Synonym
-- Relative Synonym
(1)Gradable antonym 等级反义词
Features of them :
First, GRADABLE. That is, the members of a pair differ in terms of degree. 每对的成员在程度上有区别。
(1)The denial of one is not necessarily the assertion of the 。
(2)can be modified by “very”
(3) parative and superlative degrees
(4) intermediate degrees may be lexicalized (sometimes)
这样一对反义词在语义的直线坐标上离开中点距离应是相等的,但是可以有它们的内项,也可能有它们的外项。
例如以hot(热的)和cold(冷的)这一对反义词来看,它们可以有内项warm(温的)和cool(凉的)
又如,以good(好的)和bad(坏的)这一对反义词来看,它们可有外项excellent(极好的)和terrible(极糟的)
Second, antonyms of this kind are graded against different norms. 这种类型的反义词以不同的规范划分等级
Criterion varies with the object described.
For example: parision between a big car and a small plane.
Third, one member of a pair, usually the term for the higher degree, serves as the cover term.
一对反义词中,通常那个较高程度的词用作覆盖整个量级的术语。
The cover term is called “unmarked” . usual 覆盖性词称为“无标记词”,即一般词汇。
The covered “marked”被覆盖的词语称为“标记词”。
Unmarked marked
名词: man woman
author authoress
lion lioness
形容词: old young
wide narrow
deep shallow
名词: length 长度 height 高度 width 宽度
Examples: How old are you?
How tall is his brother?
How do you like your food?
(plementary antonym 互补反义关系
Three features:
First,The members of a pair plementary.
每对之间互补。
(1)The assertion of one means the denial of the other,and the denial of one means the assertion of the other.
(2)can’t be modified by “very”
(3)Do not parative and superlative degrees
(4)Do not have intermediate degrees
. alive-dead male- female present- absent
true- false
Second, the norm in this type is