语言学概论 总结.doc

语言学概论总结
Chapter 1 ---- Introduction
Part One
★Definition of language
★★★Design features of language
★★Functions of language
Part Two
★ Definition of linguistics
★★The scope of linguistics
★★★ Important distinctions in linguistics
Exercises:
1)Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language ? (2005)
A. arbitrariness任意性 B. productivity
C. cultural transmission D. finiteness有限性
2)The distinction between parole言语and langue 语言was made by _____. (2006)
A. Halliday C. Saussure索绪尔(瑞士语言学家)
B. Chomsky 乔姆斯基(美国语言学家,转换生成语法的创始人)
D. Bloomfield布洛姆菲尔德(美国语言学家教育家)
考点:语言流派的主要代表人物、四对概念的区分。
3)Language is a tool munication. The symbol “high way closed” on a high way serves _____. (2010)
A. an expressive function表达功能
B. an informative function信息功能
C. a performative function行事/施为功能
D. a persuasive function劝说功能
考点:语言的基本功能。信息功能、人际功能、施为功能、感情功能、寒暄功能、娱乐功能。其中最重要的是信息功能。
4)The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it?" is ___.
A. informative B. phatic寒暄功能
C. directive指示功能 D. performative
What is language? P7-8
Language can be generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for munication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。
Language is a system.
Systematic---- rule-governed受规则制约的, elements in it are arranged according to certain rules; can’t bined at will. . *bkli, *I apple eat.
2)Language is arbitrary.
Arbitrary---- no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing it denotes表示. . “pen” by any other name is the thing we use to write with.
3)Language is symbolic符号的in nature.
Symbolic---- words are associated with objects, actions, ideas by convention惯例. “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”----by Shakespeare
4)Language is primarily vocal.
Vocal---- the primary medium基本媒介is sound for all languages; writing system came much later than spoken form.
5)Language is human-specific. 语言是人类特有的
Human-specific---- different from munication systems other forms of life possess. . bird songs, bee dance, an