词汇学--词素.ppt

Morpheme and Word-formation
Members:
Speaker: 张莎莎 201217110
Searcher: 丁梦丽 201217101
Maker: 王海金 201217103
词素和构词法
Introduction
We know words can be analyzed into morphemes, which are the minimal meaningful units in position of words.
In word-formation, morphemes are labeled root, stem, base and affix.
在构词法中,语素被分为词根、词干、词基和词缀。
Root
Stem
Morpheme
Base
Affix
Affix
Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. All affixes are bound morphemes—some morphemes cannot normally stand alone,but function only as parts of words,e,g.-s,-er and-ed
词缀都是粘着语素,依附于词根上构成新词或表示词的语法意义.
Ⅰ.According to the functions of affixes
Affix can be divided into inflectional affixes and derivational affixes.
1. Inflectional affixes(Inflectional morphemes)are not used to produce new words,but rather to show aspects of the grammatical function of a word(-s,-'s,-ed,-ing,-er,-est).
屈折词缀:表示词的语法意义。
2. Derivational affixes(Derivational morphemes) are used to make new words in the language and are often used to make words of a different grammatical category from the stem(-er,-ness,-ly,-ful,-less,un-,dis-,re-,im-,pre-).
派生词缀是加在词干上构成新词的词缀。
Ⅱ.According to their distribution in the formation of words
Affixes can be divided into prefixes and suffixes.
1. Prefixes are affixes before the root.
Eg, unjust, rewrite,impossible.
As a rule,most prefixes modify the meaning of roots,but not their parts of speech.
2. Suffixes are affixes after the root.
By the addtion of the suffix, the word is usually changed from one part of speech into another, . liberation. modernize.
Root
※. A“root”is the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of other words, a root is that part of a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed.(词根是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后剩余的部分)
For example, “Internationalism”is a four-morpheme derivative which keeps its free morpheme “nation”as its root when “inter-”