Changes in the volume of unemployment are governed by three fundamental forces: 三个基本因素决定着失业率的变化 the growth of the labor force, the increase in output per man-hour 每工时产量上的增加, and the growth of total demand for goods and services 商品和服务需求总量的增长. 失业及其 3 项影响因素。 Changes in the average hours of work enter in exactly parallel fashion but have been quantitatively less significant. 工作时间已较不重要。 As productivity rises, less labor is required per dollar of national product, or more goods and services can be produced with the same number of man-hours. 生产效率提高及其影响。 If output does not grow, employment will certainly fall; if production 生产产量 increases more rapidly than productivity 如果生产产量的增长比生产效率的增长更迅速(less any decline in average hours worked 平均工作时间不下降), employment must rise. 产出、生产效率因素与就业间关系。 But the labor force grows, too. 第1 因素增加。 Unless gross national product (total final expenditure for goods and services corrected for price changes 扣除物价波动因素后最终购买商品和服务的总支出) rises more rapidly than the sum of productivity increase and labor force growth (again modified for any change in hours of work 因工作时间的改变而再次被变动), the increase in employment will be inade quate to absorb the growth in the labor force. GNP 、生产效率因素与就业关系。 Inevitably the unemployment rate will increase. 失业率要增加。 Only when total production expands faster than the rate of labor force growth plus the rate of productivity increase and minus the rate at
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