朱熹的禳弭救荒思想述论.doc

朱熹的禳弭救荒思想述论
摘要:感召和气,以致丰穰是朱熹荒政思想的重要组成部分。他的禳弭救荒思想主要包括三方面的内容:对风雷云雨等自然现象的认识;祭祀鬼神与祈祷救荒;畏天敬诚弭灾与正君心、改革弊政;另外本文亦对被学界忽略的朱熹未雨绸缪、贫富相恤的救荒思想和因势利导的治河思想作了补充论述。
关键词:朱熹; 禳弭; 和气; 畏天; 救荒
Exposition and ment on Zhu Xi's Thought of Averting Disasters by Prayers and Helping to Tide over a Crop Failure
Abstract: The thought of praying harmony per harvests is the very important part of Zhu Xi's thought of averting disasters by prayers and helping to tide over a crop failure mainly includes three parts:Zhu Xi's understanding of natural phenomena such as ind of a man of virtue and reforming addition,the paper makes a supplementary exposition of Zhu Xi's thought ic circles of taking precautions and the rich and the poor sympathizing each other and,of making the best use of the situation and regulating rivers and ony .三
前面已说到有关朱熹的以社仓和安民、恤民等为主的荒政思想,论者已多言其详,在此不必重复,但仍有一些重要内容未被提及,如朱熹未雨绸缪的救荒思想、因势利导的治河思想、贫富相恤的救荒思想,下面略作补论。
有关未雨绸缪的救荒思想。朱熹曾对弟子多次说过"尝谓为政者当顺五行,修五事,以安百姓。若曰赈济于凶荒之余,纵饶措置得善,所惠者浅,终不济事";[1](P2716页)"若待他饥时理会,更有何策?东边遗使去赈济,西边遣使去赈济,只讨得逐州几个紫绫册子来,某处已如何措置,某处已如何经画,元无实惠及民";"到赈济时成甚事!"[1](P2643)所以他特别强调救荒的前期准备,这有三层含义:一是"只有储蓄之计",如大力推广社仓和积极推进劝官之制:"颁布劝农文,劝谕筑埂岸,申谕耕桑榜,推广星子知县王文林种桑之法。"[22](P649)二是及早讲求修水利。"赈济无奇策,不如讲水利。"[1](P2643)"因说赈济,曰:’平居须是修陂塘始得。到得旱了赈济,委无良策。’"[1](,P2640)三是及早准备可以用作籴粜的米本。朱熹曾用现身说法,向弟子讲述他在南康任职时筹措米本的一些做法。
然下手得早,亦得便宜。在南康时,才见旱,便剗刷钱物,库中得三万来贯,准拟籴米,添支官兵。却去上供钱内借三万贯籴米赈粜。早时籴得,却粜钱还官中解发,是以不阙