Arugument课堂讲义+by张雷东.doc

Arugument课堂讲义by张雷东Argument课堂讲义更新时间:2008-8-26来源:点击数:3278Argumentpreparingstrategies1~掌握基本逻辑知识,理解Criticalthinking2~熟读每一道题目3~学习体会闪光句型的使用4~大量阅读积累语言~形成各部分自己的写作模板5~列出每道题的写作提纲6~考前全文练习10,20篇Argument题目的结构:Evidence?conclusionsupport审题的基本任务:分清论据和结论~看清推理关系结论往往由表结果的连词引导~如:Therefore,thus,so,hence,consequently,evidently还有:Clearly,should~以及目的状语从句论据的主要形式,事实Facts,统计Statistics,例子Examples,类比Analogies,parisons,权威Authorities(Experts’opinions),假设Assumptions写作原则,逻辑方面:切中要害,语言方面:言简意赅,词汇:注意区分书面词汇和口语词汇,句式:多变~适度复杂读题时需注意的地方,文章前后论据论点各自的讨论对象,限定成分,定语、状语、从句,,绝对化词汇:all,any,every,only,unique,most,bestArgumentwritingsteps1~skimthetopicandwritetheintroduction浏览题目写开头段,2~inputtopicsentencesforbodyparagraphs为正文段落输入段首句,3~developbodyparagraphsonebyone逐一展开正文段落,4~writetheconclusion写结尾段,5~checking检查Howtowritetheintroductoryparagraph,复述原文结论,简要复述原文论据,指出论证过程存在缺陷根据结论的不同性质采用不同动词引领:,万用动词:claim,assert,allege,state,contend,maintain,建议类结论:suggest,advise,advocate,propose,预言类结论:predict,forecast/foresee,project,表示期待~盼望:expect,monfallaciesintopics题目中的常见缺陷1~Survey调查数据类问题Survey/statistics/study/report/census/pollProcedureofatypicalsurvey,Dividethegeneralgroupintoseveralsub-groups,Analyzethepercentageofeachsub-groupinthegeneralgroup,Randomlyselectsample1)ProcedureofthesurveyA,selectivesample选择性样本A193,Manyteacherswereactuallyexcludedfromthesurvey.,Theresultofthesurveylackscredibilitybecausethearguerfailstoincludeteachersinothersubjects.,Theresultofthesurveylackscredibilityandthereforecouldnotlendstrongsupporttowhatthearguermaintains.,Cause-effectfallacy:ThearguerfailstoestablishthecausalrelationshipbetweenAandB,homeworkfrequencyandthestudents’performanceA238,ThesurveydoesnotincludeallthegraduatesinMVC,thusitisalmostimpossibletoevaluatetheemploymentresultinMVC.,plete,hencewecanhardlyevaluatetheemploymentresultsofthetwocolleges.,ThearguerfailstoestablishthecausalrelationshipbetweenthefactthatAandthefactthatB,ThearguerfailstoconvinceusthatAwillcontributetoB,,qua